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The Yajurveda (Sanskrit: यजुर्वेद, ', from ' meaning "prose mantra" and ''veda'' meaning "knowledge") is the Veda of prose mantras.〔Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, ISBN 0-631215352, pages 76-77〕 An ancient Vedic Sanskrit text, it is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while an individual performed ritual actions such as those before the yajna fire.〔 Yajurveda is one of the four Vedas, and one of the scriptures of Hinduism. The exact century of Yajurveda's composition is unknown, and estimated by scholars to be around 1200 to 1000 BCE, contemporaneous with Samaveda and Atharvaveda.〔Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, ISBN 0-631215352, pages 68-70〕 The Yajurveda is broadly grouped into two – the "black" (''Krishna'') Yajurveda and the "white" (''Shukla'') Yajurveda. The term "black" implies "the un-arranged, unclear, motley collection" of verses in Yajurveda, in contrast to the "white" which implies the "well arranged, clear" Yajurveda.〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 217-219〕 The black Yajurveda has survived in four recensions, while two recensions of white Yajurveda has survived into the modern times.〔 The earliest and most ancient layer of Yajurveda samhita includes about 1,875 verses, that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in Rigveda.〔Antonio de Nicholas (2003), Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man, ISBN 978-0595269259, pages 273-274〕〔Edmund Gosse, , New York: Appleton, page 181〕 The middle layer includes the Satapatha Brahmana, one of the largest Brahmana texts in the Vedic collection.〔Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143099864, pages 149-153, Quote: "The Satapatha is one of the largest Brahmanas..."〕 The youngest layer of Yajurveda text includes the largest collection of primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of Hindu philosophy. These include the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, the Isha Upanishad, the Taittiriya Upanishad, the Katha Upanishad, the Shvetashvatara Upanishad and the Maitri Upanishad.〔Paul Deussen, (The Philosophy of the Upanishads ), Motilal Banarsidass (2011 Edition), ISBN 978-8120816206, page 23〕〔Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upaniṣhads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-282292-6, pages 1-17〕 ==Etymology== Yajurveda is a compound Sanskrit word, composed of ''yajus'' (यजुस्) and ''veda'' (वेद). Monier-Williams translates ''yajus'' as "religious reverence, veneration, worship, sacrifice, a sacrificial prayer, formula, particularly mantras muttered in a peculiar manner at a sacrifice".〔Monier Monier Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry for Yajus, page 839〕 ''Veda'' means "knowledge". Johnson states ''yajus'' means "(mostly) prose formulae or mantras, contained in the Yajur Veda, which are muttered".〔WJ Johnson (2009), (Yajus ), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198610250〕 Michael Witzel interprets Yajurveda to mean a "knowledge text of prose mantras" used in Vedic rituals.〔 Ralph Griffith interprets the name to mean "knowledge of sacrifice or sacrificial texts and formulas".〔Ralph Griffith, (The texts of the white Yajurveda ) EJ Lazarus, page xvii〕 Carl Olson states that Yajurveda is a text of "mantras (sacred formulas) that are repeated and used in rituals".〔Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0813540689, page 13〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yajurveda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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